Great Fitness

New search of patterns of academics and administrators AIOU

NEW TRENDS IN SEARCH OF DIRECTORS academicians and Allama Iqbal Open University

BY Malik Tariq Malik

INTRODUCTION

The media play a major role in the lives of people around the world in this era of globalization. The print media is more trustworthy and information source in Pakistan. In Pakistan, the daily readership is higher.

The researcher of this study concerns the search for new investigations patterns academics say both communities and administrators in the areas of national and international affairs, political, economic, educational, health, sports, etc. No one reads the entire newspaper but he or she tries to find the news they are interested they are and update their knowledge and information on their area of interest particular. Some readers read that the new policy, others may go to the page and economy because they want to invest their money and are interested to know the political and economic situation of a country. Proper economic and political condition is a motivating factor for investors to make investments. Some other players receive information on education and health.

NEW CONCEPT

Man can survive no newspaper, but no newspaper can survive without new. News is a normal part of life. Definition of News is not an easy task. News is a word simple and easily understandable by those who deal with it. In a sense, it is one of the most complex words in our vocabulary, because it is endless in variety. While most definitions are now more familiar news is certainly more than the Webster definition is "a report of recent events" "new information on something that has recently occurred.

News of recent events is happening and, in particular those that seem strange or remarkable. According to Microsoft Encarta Dictionary "a report of any recent events" or "situation" and that the ratio of events published in a newspaper or information on current events in newspapers or broadcast by news media is called. Therefore, under this definition, news is what is happening and what people feel, think, say and do. So what new is composed primarily of unpublished reports of these activities of persons of interest, inform, educate and entertain the public.

News is infact a communication between human beings. From the early days of human civilization, when people began to exchange ideas, information and ideas began to flow a person to another. With the organization and development of society, the transfer of ideas and information also increased and the process became more accurate and scientific.

IMPORTANT NEWS

New to define its meaning is information provided to the public on the world around them. This information is important for them because equipped with the latest information on a problem: the public is able to decide their plan of action. News is accurate, timely and the report points to an event. This is not the event itself, but the description of the event by a journalist. The importance of news has grown rapidly. It is the newspaper where you can find the news in more detail, and can be preserved and retained for a period of time. Today, the press became a social instrument, if it wants to be or not. As a social instrument, the paper is permanently established in thousands of homes, and thus influences every family member indirectly.

PRINT MEDIA

Journal Publication usually issued on a daily or weekly basis, the main function of the newsletter. Many newspapers provide special information for readers, such as weather, television listings, and lists of stock prices. They provide input on policy, economy, arts and culture, and sometimes include entertainment features such as comics and crossword puzzles. In almost all cases and varying degrees, newspapers depend on commercial advertising for their revenues.

As the division of media in Pakistan, people also like to both urban and rural culture. It is very clear to Pakistan that the national newspapers have their own monopoly. Source of print media is more trustworthy and information in Pakistan over the television that is in close government control. The reason in May to buy a newspaper is cheaper than to have a TV in the house and other people can see more news bulletin from the television. A newspaper is It is expected to perform four functions in a democratic society.

? We must collect and disseminate objective manner news of the day.
? We must interpret and explain further to help the reader to form an intelligent opinion.
? It should guide public opinion public after the fair presentation of both sides of each issue and indicate the way to the greatest for the greatest number. So basically a journal is an institution of society to the public welfare.
? He must fulfill the obligation to entertain the public.

However, there another side to the picture, too vital to be ignored. A newspaper is a business that naturally seeks profit. For that it must be molded in a so it may be acceptable commodity for many people enough for their subsistence. Thus, a newspaper to survive is to find a balance between his position as an institution of society and as a commercial enterprise.

HISTORY OF THE JOURNAL

Like all other regarding the improvement of man, the press has also been a systematic process, a slow but steady growth. Mehdi Hassan and Mr. Abdus Salam wrote in their book "Journalism for all" (1988, p. 67-80). According to Mehdi and new Salam was launched in early 60 BC history of the modern press is closely linked to the invention of printing and the printing press. After S. Natarjan, the art of the negative impression of the franchise was known in China around 594 AD, and from there spread along the roads to the west CARAVAN where fingerprinting from blocks of wood has become very common. In 1768, William Bolts has been expelled from Calcutta to Madras to take root Europe, because he dared to set up a printing press in Calcutta. James Augustus Hicky's, at least, was the owner Gazette Bengal or Calcutta General Advertiser, first newspaper published in India. The first issue was published Saturday, January 29, 1780, announcing himself as a weekly political and commercial open to all parties but influenced by none "," Many of its pages were devoted to advertising. It was a sheet of paper two, about 12 inches by 8 inches with three columns printed on both sides. Warren Hastings, in which journalist pioneer of Indo-Pakistan sub-continent has been some success, it was finally crushed.

However, recent years the type of paper, which could not survive in the current circumstances has significantly improved both content wise and appearance. In particular Urdu newspapers have changed completely and can now be compared to any other leading newspaper.

There was a bulletin Print the name used for several processes by which words, pictures or drawings are reproduced on paper, fabric, metal or other suitable material. These processes, sometimes called the graphic arts, consist essentially of making numerous identical reproductions of an original by mechanical means, and the book printed has been called the mass product first.

Before the invention of printing machines, news published by the mouth of mouth, written letters and public notices. As more people learned to read and write, the news gained added reliability. Publishers Newspaper estimates that nearly six in ten adults in the United States and Canada read a newspaper every day, and seven of the ten read a paper every weekend. When they see a newspaper, most people have already learned about the latest news on television or radio. Readers rely on newspapers to provide information detailed analysis, including television and radio newscasts rarely offer. Newspapers not only to inform readers that event occurred, but also help readers understand what led to the event and how it will affect the world around them.

Newspapers trace their roots to new leaves handwritten posted daily in public markets of ancient Rome. The first newspapers print appeared in China during the Tang Dynasty (618-907). These newspapers were printed from carved wooden blocks. Precursors to modern paper appeared in Venice, Italy, mid 14th century. Newspapers as we know today, with advertising and a mixture of political, economic, and news and social commentary, appeared in Britain in the mid 18th century.

In modern times, newspapers a capital structure and function are similar published around the world. The world press has its origin in British newspapers of the 18th century. Although threatened by censorship for the previous years, during and after the world wars, the world press maintained the tradition of press freedom first established London.

Newspapers clearly indicate the salience of a journalistic issue through its investment page, the title and length. In short we say that Mass Communication and newspapers is a process by which social reality is transmitted. The Daily, the publication usually issued on a daily basis or weekly, the main function of which is to report the news. Many newspapers also provide special information for readers, as expected weather, television listings, and lists of stock prices. They provide comments on politics, economics, arts and culture, and sometimes include entertainment features such as comics and crossword puzzles. In almost all cases and to varying degrees, newspapers dependent on commercial advertising for their revenues.

HISTORY OF THE SUB-CONTINENT PRESS

Like all other areas of improvement Rights, the press has also been a systematic, slowly but surely growing. A brief history of the press as he began in the early time may help us understand the dimensions of growth. The history of the modern press is closely related to the invention of printing and printing.

The Institute of ballot came much later. Dr. Abdus Salam Khurshid pioneering work on "Newsletters in the East "sheds light on the origin of newsletters in the subcontinent. We Ghaznavid Muslim rulers who are said to have introduced system of India in the late 10th century. The newsletters have played a major role in this quest to meet new and of molding public opinion before the printed newspaper has become a reality.

Bengal, part of which is now Bangla Desh was the forerunner in modern journalism in the entire subcontinent. It was in Bengal that the first newspaper in India was there appearance and the seeds of enlightenment were spread over the length and width of the rest of the country, starting of course with some pockets of British colonies such as Madras and Bombay. Since, the modern press in India have had their origin in the needs of small colonies but growing European sprinkled on the tops of cities presidency.

Journalism in those days was hardly considered a profession for men decent. The Bengal government under the rule of the company, once considered publishing a journal of their own and, among other things, they may "put out of existence and indolence needy few adventures European who were declared unfit to be appeared in any method honorable living. " It is said about Clay CH, editor Chief of "Madras Mail", that "he had the entrance of the good society, because he was clerk of Chief Justice." In 1768, William Bolts has been expelled from Calcutta to Madras rooted in Europe, because he dared to set up a printing press in Calcutta. In 1780, James Augustus Hicky's "Weekly Political and open trade to all parties but influenced by none", the Bengal Gazette or Gazette Hicky as he was popular and known transmission has been denied by the post office, and after a historic struggle with Warren Hastings, in which the journalist pioneer sub-continent Indo-Pakistan has been a success, it was finally doomed. William Duan Journal of Bengal, was deported from India went to America and established himself as a journalist. Almost from its birth, the interest of all the major Indian press was policy. James Augustus Hickey began the Bengal Gazette in 1780, eighty years after the first newspaper in England had begun the publication.

Even before Indian publishers used their feathers to fight for the freedom of their homeland, there was a strong political flavor to the press and soon censorship of one kind or another has been forced, even if the persons on whom it was imposed belonged to the dominant race. Publishers of Madras and Bombay soon followed their precursor Calcutta in trouble with authority, which then was of course now very jealous of its position and very intolerant of criticism of what was regarded as foreigners.

James Augustus Hickey in any case, was the owner Gazette bangal or Calcutta General Advertiser, first newspaper published in India. The first issue was published Saturday, January 29, 1780, announcing himself as a weekly newspaper and commercial, open to all parties, but to succeed in such, many of its pages were devoted He was a sheet of paper two, about 12 inches by 8 inches with three columns printed on both sides. The second newspaper to be launched in Indo-Pakistan sub-continent was "The Gazette of India or Calcutta Public Advertiser," published in the 18th century. It was launched by MP Reed and MB Messink in November 1780.

The contents of the press in the 18th century show the influence of James Augustus Hickey. Foreign news parliamentary debates in England, extracts from English newspapers, social news, letters to editors and poets corner provided the most material Reading. The second stage of Indian journalism began when the Baptist missionaries at Serampore, a Dutch colony, started dating a review Monthly Bengali language, the first of its kind to be published in an indigenous language. "The friend of India" a monthly periodical also was launched by the Serampore missionaries in April 1818.

The first Indian-owned newspapers did not emerge until the early 19th century. These newspapers were able to thwart the English and the influence of missionaries on the local population. It is significant to note, therefore, the first such the newspaper was out was not in the language of the region where it originates, which is, of Bengal, or in the language that was still deeply rooted in soil and in the courts and other official reports, Persian. It was in English. Within a few years, many other premises belonging to newspapers were on the scene. The first newspaper in Urdu in the subcontinent was "Jam-i-Jahan Numa" was published in 1822. Bengal also claims the distinction rare to be the home of the first Hindi newspaper as "Qodunt Martund" launched in Calcutta in 1826. Calcutta, who was first to fall under British colonial rule of the three English colonies other two being Mumbai and Madras – remained the most important and largest media center in the 19th century.
1.7 GROWTH OF MUSLIMS OF PRESS IN SUB-CONTINENT

The tempo of political unrest has been accelerated by the Muslim press in particular in 1919 which established new traditions of sacrifice. The Zamindar reappeared in December 1919, its circulation was 6145 in 1920. Another was "Paigham" by Abdul Kalam Azad from Calcutta in 1921 and "Sabah" by Qazi Abdul Ghaffar Delhi. Al these papers have contributed to the success of the non-cooperation. In 1922, the press law was withdrawn after the movement stopped under the directive of Mahatma Gandhi.

The pro-Muslim League press During 1924 – 1937 was launched headed by the "Moslem Outlook" and "Inqilab" whose lead has been accepted by Muslim newspapers across the subcontinent. During 1938 – 1947 the Muslim press has increased rapidly. A number of English-language newspapers rose while Urdu press also had new additions. With old newspapers, they said they were Muslim political aspirations with even greater strength and has played a major role in mobilizing opinion public support of the Pakistan movement.

After the Lahore Resolution was adopted, the Quaid-i-Azam University sponsored a "create Muslim media campaign "and the funds collected for that purpose. He founded the" dawn "in October 1942 as a daily from Delhi and placed in a trust of which he was the management committee. Quaid-i-Azam also started "Manshoor" and the Urdu daily of Delhi, which was the official organ of the Muslim League Al India. This brilliant fantasy and everyday has been edited by Syed Riaz Hassan.

HISTORY OF THE PRESS OF PAKISTAN

Where journalism crosses the borders of Pakistan, had made considerable progress, both intellectually and technically. Lahore had the distinction of having not only the oldest book in Punjab, but across Pakistan. It is ironic that there was no dedicated press and most influential in the Indo-Pakistan sub-continent to Muslim opinion in the days of struggle for independence. The majority of daily English first-class such as The Statesman, The Times of India, The Pioneer, The Hindu, The Bombay Chronicle and The Hindustan Times used to appear in the province, now outside of India. In Pakistan, Karachi, at best, could boast of three English newspapers. The Daily Gazette, The Observer Sindh and Karachi Gazette all Hindus wholly owned. Peshawar was only one English newspaper, Khyber Mail, while Rawalpindi, Multan, Quetta, Sialkot and other cities did not. In Punjab, during the pre-Partition, "The Civil and Military Gazette" and "Tribune" were the largest English daily.

As previously indicated, the territories now forming Pakistan have never been the focus of leading newspapers in English. The reason may be due to educational and political backwardness of the majority Muslim population in these regions. The Muslim League could hardly expect a positive contribution to its stand from these documents. The founder of Pakistan Quaid-i-Azam said: "The role newspapers to express and shape public opinion can not be overemphasized. "The press has played an important role not only in creating the Pakistan by mounding and expressing Muslim Public Opinion in support of the idea of Pakistan but also in the development of this new state.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to investigate the following:

? To study new trends in search of academicians and administrators AIOU readers with respect to the aspect chosen namely sex, age and qualification.
? Investigate research on new patterns of academics and administrators AIOU readers regarding selected aspects namely selected through newspapers and their time reading newspapers.
? To find differences in the research of new trends among academician and administrators AIOU of readers regarding selected aspects, namely the purpose of reading the newspapers say, reading the newspapers only to gather updated information, research employment, entertainment, killing time, etc.
? To know the differences in search of new trends among academicians and administrator AIOU of readers towards selectedg aspects, namely national and international affairs, education, politics, economics news articles and editorials, etc.

HYPOTHESIS

In this study, the assumption is that:

? Academicians are more concerned by news on international affairs and national articles, editorials, political and educational development news.
? Administrators are more interested in the field of national business news, city politics, job search, sports time of the murder, etc.

QUESTION SEARCH

What are the different models in search of new and university administrators Allama Iqbal Open University?

IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY

The researcher must examine and analyze the research of new habits of two groups of university administrators say and communities. " The researcher also discuss the potential effects to highlight a newspaper printed media IE. The specification of these effects should be contained in the assumption that the connecting elements or concepts in each phase.

News is a form of communication. The time Current is rightfully called the "age of information, observation, reasoning and revolution." (Pavlik, JV, 1996). These revolutions have started with the desire to remember important events or happening in the writing. With a few scratches, our ancestors inventive set in motion the endless story of the recording of information, communication and storage of knowledge outside the brain. Information, observation and reasoning are the main sources of human knowledge. Over ninety percent of our knowledge comes through this primary source, namely newspapers.

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

It is understood that the information must occur when a person is in a problematic situation, when he or she can no longer manage the knowledge he or she possesses (Talja 1992, p. 72). Over there are many studies on the media or mass communication across the world is but a little research conducted on "looking for new trends around the world, especially Pakistan. This study is important not only for industry newspapers and readers, but it is also important from the educational standpoint. This study will readers of newspapers, media practitioners, academics and administrators from different disciplines and planners of the press.

We, as individuals and groups, "repeatedly find ourselves in situations where information is needed, gathered, have sought, organized, retrieved, processed, evaluated and used "(Solomon, 1996, p. 292). Reading the newspaper is a daily routine for many consumers. The print version offers a tactile pleasure of turning pages and portability of the newspaper back into a briefcase or book bag for later or recycle it by leaving it on the break or breakfast table for someone else to enjoy. The Daily, the publication usually issued on a daily basis or weekly, the main function is to report the news. Many newspapers also provide specific information to readers, such as weather, TV schedules, and lists of stock prices. They provide comments on politics, economics, arts and culture, and sometimes include entertainment features such as comics and crossword puzzles. In almost all cases and to varying degrees, newspapers depend on advertising trade for their income.

INFORMATION SEARCH

The closing on this research related research conducted by leading researchers are given below:

Suriya, Sangeetha and Nambi (2004) conducted a research on "information seeking behavior of college professors Government Cuddlier arts district. " The purpose of their study was to investigate how the faculty members seek information from the library. He noted that most respondents 61 (38.12 percent) have visited the library several times a week to meet their information needs. Regarding the type of research done by the respondents the majority of respondents 91 (56.87 percent) have done their research by topic.

Shokeen and Kushik (2002) studied the behavior of seeking information about social scientists working in universities in Haryana. They said most social scientists to visit the library every day. The method first preferred to seek information required by social scientists, followed by the search indexes and abstracts of journals and citations in the articles respectively. Sociologists use newspapers currently followed by books.

Challener (1999) studied artists and art historians teaching in five colleges of arts Liberals and three universities. Results found that they need information for teaching. Participants were almost all subscribe to art magazines and many newspapers to read. They visit the library frequently, usually more than one library, and unlike previous reports, the majority is willing to ask the librarian for help. A large percentage of art historians and artists use computers for teaching. The 27 participants using slides in detail in the classroom, supplemented in most cases by textbooks.

Reneker (1992) investigated the research information of 31 members of the academic community of the University Stanford has been examined over a period of two weeks during the year 1990-91. It adopted the naturalistic approach and used qualitative techniques collection of data using primarily personal interviews. The perception of informants "of their information environment expressed in positive terms and there is a close relationship between knowledge, information, environment and sources used. Search for information included in the day to day activities and relationships of participants and led by both the articulation of needs and the availability of information. Many needs are satisfied by the source information created or held by themselves and interpersonal sources of information. Results study indicate that the action of seeking information from a variety of needs such as personal, professional, recreation, etc.

Althaus and Tewksbury (2000) wrote in his article entitled "New Online Research Patterns of students in first and second year ": Academic research continues to show that users of online news are not representative of the average voter rationally. Althaus Tewksbury and the study of "New Online Research Patterns of students in first and second year," reminds us that those who seek news and information online are qualitatively different from the general population. Not only do they have better access to and familiarity with computers than non-users, they also have different demographic profiles and attitudes than the general adult population. "New habits developed in this result, the community and not an unequal social distribution of computer skills and access, but rather from the unique needs are best met by on-line or traditional news media.

Daniela Lesley Evans (1978, p. 96) writes in his article entitled "A Critical Examination of Claims: The Impact of Print, he writes:" Until we see as characteristic of modern world economic, social, religious, politics is built on the foundation provided by the newspaper as a means of communication. From the sixteenth century, it became impossible for illiterate people to obtain either wealth or influence, which has largely occurred because of the invention printing as a means of communication in the fifteenth century. This has widespread consequences, which allows a large number of copies of a work done quickly. The availability of other information provided has led to greater scientific progress, because it meant that the ideas of others were more readily available. Similarly, the development of the printing press encouraged religious reform, as it has been a major factor in allowing to the writings of Erasmus, Luther and Calvin, later, to achieve high levels of traffic.

Febvre and Martin (1976, p. 278) It is safe to assume that printing will make knowledge accessible to all, although it must be accompanied by the necessary conditions for cultural and political making literacy compulsory for all. However, this does not necessarily lead to a society that is much wiser than he who uses oral communication as its foundation. In a non-literary, where information is communicated orally to avoid information that is necessary to avoid the whole society. The only possible way, by living a life completely alone, however, reading and writing are mostly silent and solitary activities. Therefore, in a literary society, information is easy to avoid simply choosing not to read what is available.

Useful and fun MODEL OF MEDIA

The mass media is a huge phenomenon. Through the different platforms, print or broadcast media are able to reach millions of people like no other force. Without media, discourse of powerful politicians have no effect, local events would remain local, and shows great actors would be seen only by the people in the audience Now. The media overcomes distances, and builds a direct relationship with the public.

The model focuses on the motivations of people who use media wonder why we bother to read newspapers, why we are therefore forced to keep abreast of our favorite soap.

Monitoring

Surveillance is necessary based on the idea that people feel better having the feeling they know what is happening in the world around them. One of the genres that are often applied to new. Watching or reading news, we learn what is happening in the world, and as the news is generally bad news, this knowledge leaves us more secure about the safety of our own lives. This idea may seem a bit strange, what we know about the tragedies and we feel safer, but sociologists argue that ignorance considered a source of danger, so the more knowledge we have the safer we feel.

When we watch the news it is easy to identify news that we give this reaction. For example, if it was not watching the news that we could be without knowledge, left with notes of rupees five that are worthless, or become vulnerable to the latest computer virus, or end up in hospital with a terrible record, we are not aware of the new world record cricket set by South Africa against the cricket team world a better team Australia. Thus, models of supervision while all about awareness. We use the mass media to be more aware of the world, satisfying a desire knowledge and safety.

Use of media relations

Another aspect of the model of personal relationships is how we may use the media as a springboard for forming and developing relationships with real people. EastEnders slogan "Everyone talks about" despite a clever marketing tactic, does up when you look at the social uses of media. Have a favorite television show together can often be the beginning of a conversation, and can even talk to strangers much easier.

The Advantages and limitations of media

Texts are public to realize their potential meaning. Thus, a text does not contain a single meaning, but rather a range of possibilities that are defined by both the text and its audiences. The meaning is not in the text, but in reading. (Hart, 1991, 60)

Andrew Hart, many other theorists and researchers who identify and give value to the existence of hearing from the media. At the simplest level, the public is essential in communication. For the public and the media in the construction and transmission of information, and if it was not for the public, media would not. The exact relationship between the media and their audiences has been the subject of debate since the media were first seriously studied and emphasizes the importance of the audience and their relationship with the media.

The effects model is considered inadequate representation of communication between the media and public because it does not take into account the audience as individuals with their own beliefs, of opinions, ideals and attitudes:

"Audiences are not blank sheets of paper on which media messages can be written, the audience members will have prior attitudes and beliefs that will determine how media messages are effective. (Abercrombie 1996, 140) "

A new approach to the dynamics of the audience and the relationship has been suggested text in the field uses and gratification model. In this model, theorists do not ask how the media impacts public, but how audiences use media. They suggested that the public has specific needs and actively facing the media to consume various texts to the satisfaction of those needs. The public uses and gratifications were considered active, as opposed to passive audience in the model effects. Useful and fun acknowledged that the audience had the choice of texts from which to choose the form and satisfy their needs, Bulmer and Katz (1974).

The model also implies that messages are packets of information that all the spectators even read. It does not consider how messages are interpreted or any other factors that affect the interpretation audience.

"Another criticism is that the tendency to focus only on why the public to consume media rather than to extend investigation to discover what meanings and interpretations are produced and under what circumstances, namely how media are received. (O'Sullivan, Dutton & Rayner 1994, 131) "

In other words, the receivers want to use media information in a manner or obtain satisfaction they anticipate (Lowery & Defleur, 1995).

A number of studies audience on the uses and gratification of various media (Berelson, 1949 Kimball, 1959, etc.) in the early 1970s researchers in this field has oriented motivations of the public, developing typologies of people made use of media to meet the social and psychological needs (Katz et al. 1973). These included types of needs such as strengthening the understanding of self, friends, others, or society, strengthening the autonomy or society and the strengthening of contacts with family, friends, society and culture (Lowery & Defleur, 1995).

It was probably found in the use and satisfaction research in the West, that the individual uses the media for different purposes at different times different in different circumstances and different people seek different rewards in May of media. A question for researchers is how effectively and efficiently arrange (types) to these different needs and objectives.

According to Chang Chen and Zhang in the study (1993): Early studies Chinese media have focused on aspects of propaganda and persuasion in mass communication. Since the mid-1880s, various factions have used social newspapers primarily as tools in their political struggles. The Chinese Communists have always recognized the value of the mass media (Robinson, 1981). For example, the government emphasized the use of mass media for the Chinese social, political and economic (development Yu and Sears, 1996). As a powerful opinion and perceptions, the news media are supposed to unite the people to raise their consciousness and mind.

ROLE OF THE WRITTEN PRESS

To keep abreast of what's happening in the world around us, we need information. Without this information, we will not know a threat exists to it was too late. But simply be information offered is not enough. We must also be willing to take this information on board for there is still time to avoid this threat.

Public information is just one of many problems the officials have to address, and the media are often perceived as a nuisance or hindrance to intervention activities. However, it is essential that communication with the media is a priority for any response planning because the media will be among the first responders on the scene and will be a mechanism for information vital for government agencies. The media will then share a major responsibility to relay vital information to the public. While the newspapers make knowledge more accessible at all, and has had dramatic effects on our culture and our society, it does not necessarily follow that a literate society is significantly more competent than a connection that is not literate.

PLAYERS OF NEWSPAPERS IN PAKISTAN

Newspaper publishers consider that almost six in ten adults each day, and seven out of ten people read a newspaper every weekend. When they saw mostly people have already learned about new last-minute television or radio. Readers rely on newspapers to provide detailed information and analysis, including television and radio newscasts rarely offer. Newspapers not only to inform readers that an event occurred, but also help readers to understand what led to the event and how it will affect the world around them. Media scholar Philip J. Hanes (1996) wrote his article entitled "The benefits and limitations of Focus on Audience in Media Studies":

"Audiences are not blank sheets paper on which media messages can be written, members of an audience have prior attitudes and beliefs that will determine how media messages are effective. " (P.140)

Veblen (1994) wrote in his article entitled "Journal of readers and Information and Culture Processing: newspaper readership is an instance of cultural participation in respect of which information-processing. Journal of Reading is easier form of information processing of diverse cultural and other activities to choose simultaneously a newspaper could hardly count as "kind" very effective status oriented "conspicuous consumption", both because of relatively low prices, even expensive journals and that reading should take place in the privacy of the home and in public. Therefore, evidence of a link between newspaper readers and status, independent of information processing capacity would, for our purposes of particular importance.

Most people read a single (daily) newspapers, at least on a regular. This means that here we can avoid complications that occur with forms of cultural participation, such as, for example, listening to music, where there is a wide variety of genres and a person may have a range of preferences. As noted above, these cases have recently resulted in debate whether the distinction is most relevant in terms of status is that between those involved in "high" versus "low" (or popular) culture and cultural "than among omnivores" and "univores.

According to the Pakistan Public Report (2002-03), issued by Gallup Pakistan survey, readers of newspapers ratio among adults (18 +) only 33% among youth (10-17yrs) is 21%. Province sages of this ratio: 31% of Punjab, Sindh to 49% for NWFP 25% and Balochistan 28%. In young (10-17years), this ration is as follows: 16% for Punjab, Sindh 34%, about 16% NWFP and Balochistan 19%. Apparently, the situation is, to some extent satisfactory to the province of Sindh, but this is due to the high rate of readership in Karachi, which is among the 69% of adults and youths of 44%. Excluding Karachi, the ratio remains very low within Sindh. The table and graph to develop the province ratio wise readers of the press in Pakistan.
Ratio of newspaper readership
Province adults
(18 Years) among young
(10 to 17 years)
Punjab 31% 16%
49% Sindh (Karachi 69% &
Interior Sindh 29%) 34% (Karachi, 44% and interior Sindh 24)
NWFP 25% 16%
Balochistan 28% 19%
Average 33 21

Newspaper readership and the buyer ship are two different concepts. Each drive is not a buyer of newspapers. A newspaper read by an individual lot at homes, offices, shops and libraries. According to Pakistan Report 2002-03 Readership Survey Gallup, Punjab 10.17 readers read a copy, while in Sindh, the ratio is 5.57, in NWFP this ratio is 8.47 and in Baluchistan, the ratio was 13.98.9 Considering the economic characteristics and the rural character of the region, it is understandable the number of readers per copy in Balochistan is significantly higher than the national average of 7.7, it is necessary to mention that after including ratio of the number of readers per copy in FATA / FANA and Azad Jammu and Kashmir, the national average readers per copy is 7.7.

NEWS STATEMENT REQUEST

In general, the amount of reading the news tends to increase with age, education, and their administrative status. News reading is growing very rapidly across the academicians and administrators. Summarizing reading habits through education appears that readers on the lower end of the curve of education tend to use old newspapers for entertainment, sensational news and politics. Newspaper readership often measured by quantification of a particular indicator of reading the newspaper business, the audience tends to be perceived much too simplistic.

Qamar (2002, p.18) said in his thesis of MSc Mass Communication entitled "A comparison of newspaper reading habits different male and female. "His comparative study of different reading habits of newspaper men and women in Pakistan aims to discover that that the reading habits of newspaper extent differ from each other. The researcher wrote in a research study that women are interested reading newspapers. It was found that drives 56 percent of women read the newspaper daily. The survey indicates that the high percentage women read the newspaper but not more than men.

It is found that men spend more time reading newspapers per day than women, because 40 cent of men read newspapers more than an hour, then there is no women spend more than an hour reading newspapers. Men read more newspapers than women in terms of reading large volumes of paper materials. Men like to read the new drive while women like to read the new sweet.

According to the Herald Media Survey (1997) in Scotland has revealed in an article "What do they read? The survey showed that Newspapers are always popular with adolescents in Scotland. More than three quarters of boys reported spending an average of ten minutes daily to read the newspaper with the sports page is the most popular only 13 per cent of boys read the entire newspaper. While girls spend slightly less time for reading the newspaper, they read more widely.

Researchers Media and Paralikar Mehta (1999) examined through a study that new research Model of the selected media have been studied in relation to time, new language, the area of new kind new and emerging issues. The overall results of their study revealed that the majority of respondents described two language English newspapers, because these journals provide comprehensive news and good news coverage. Overall and sex wise newspaper used as new way to search the most frequently. The new variety sought by the newspaper were political, social, educational, health, etc. were differences very significant in the search for new patterns of female respondents compared to the time spent to seek new kinds of new and emerging aspects.

The kinds of new research through this medium with the highest indices of intensity are political, social, national and international news, education, sports, science, economics and new business. The other indices were the headlines, detailed news, news briefs, articles and editorials. The researcher has conducted research on evaluating the importance of new study where the new crises in daily life.

James (2004, p.3-4) Thus, we risk misunderstanding its true nature. As we become comfortable using automatic processing with its emphasis on efficiency, we let our skills atrophy of meaning construction. With skills weaker, we come to depend increasingly on the media to tell us what is important and we should be. For centuries, have access to information is a major problem for the quasi-totality of man. With the rise of mass media throughout the 20th century, barriers to access were significantly reduced, especially with the spread of radio, television, and then Computer. Today, not only information readily accessible to almost everyone, information continues to produce at an increasing rate. The problem is more information on how to obtain access. The much more urgent problem is how to cope with any new search pattern.

PRACTICAL USE INFORMS Journal

Andersen said in his article entitled "Communicating information across cultures: understanding how others work," published in September 2002. There are differences in communication between scientists and humanists who are created by their habits of information retrieval. Excellent example of academic cultural differences in the field of information retrieval and usage, information retrieval research focuses on how which individuals within the materials they need to meet the information needs of both professional and recreational. In the experiment Ethnography of a worship service not know, a person can gather clues about sitting and standing, kneeling by watching others, listening to for directions to an authority, or written materials available anywhere in the place of worship.

The academicians AIOU usually follow patterns established by their peers, based on mentors in their fields to guide them into graduate and early professional development. Differences style from both his individual personal characteristics, predispositions, and prejudices, and training that he or she obtained in a particular discipline. Thus, the culture including the means of individuals seeking information transmitted through learning and practice.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EDUCATION AND Newspaper

The relationship between education and readership of newspapers is far from simple. First, readership of newspapers is positively correlated with research information, including information on civic responsibilities and the need to cognition, further reasoning level. A body of research interest is related to information on matters of social policy and public policy, new look. For example, a study panel of Hugh Culbertson and others have found that attention, interest and involvement in political issues are correlated positively with the new look. The study showed that attention either to newspapers or television news content predicts provide knowledge. However, the study of newspaper readers are more involved than cognitive viewers.

Maxwell McCombs and Paula Poindexter found a positive correlation between frequency of reading newspapers and collected civic duty to stay informed. (Perceived civic duty encompasses a duty to vote and support fundamental freedoms, including freedom of expression.) In Similarly, in a study comparing nonreaders, newspaper readers single and multiple newspaper readers conducted by Wayne Wanta and others showed nonreaders particularly low motivation to use newspapers to understand events or to find knowledgeable about civic affairs.

A study showed that highly educated are more tolerant of others' freedom of expression than the less educated, regardless of whether the issue in question support groups left or right. The same study found that increased cognitive sophistication is more predictive of support for the expression free as the level of education alone. Other studies using cognitive variables such as need for cognition have produced similar results.

Rather than examining the multiple facets of the possible link between education on issues of free expression and new research, research tends to focus on the differences between newspapers that may explain differences in civic knowledge among and between readers and nonreaders. For example, a study suggests that "not all journals are created equal." The study measured differences in civic knowledge of readers of different types of newspapers and noted that all newspapers may not benefit equally from the increased interest in civic affairs among potential readers. Because readers tend to collect information on local affairs and local newspapers and information on national issues papers Metropolitan the source selection of new type were predictive of civic literacy possessed by the reader. Therefore, the desire for better knowledge of national events are not correlated with increased reading local newspapers. However, research by Dan Drew and David Weaver finds On the contrary, readers of newspapers have sought and experienced by both local and national civic affairs.

Faculty member and newspapers READERSHIP

Tak Wing Chan and John H. Goldthorpe (2004) wrote their research paper entitled "Social Status of the Faculty members and newspaper readership. They write an instance of cultural participation in respect of which information processing can be thought specially favored new for newspaper readers. A more straightforward treatment information from reading newspapers as various other cultural activities and choice at the same time a newspaper could hardly count as "kind" very effective status oriented "conspicuous consumption" due to both relatively low price The same newspaper's most expensive and the facts that the reading at home to take place in private life as compared to the public.

Therefore, evidence of a link between faculty and newspaper readership, independent information processing capacity, would be our present study. Most people read a single (daily) newspapers, at least on a regular basis. This means that here we can avoid complications that arise with forms cultural participation, such as, for example, listening to music, where there is great variety of genres and a person may have a range of preferences.

However, we see to what extent the association between the faculty member and status readership may be recorded by level of education individuals acting as agent for their information processing capabilities. Although all newspapers are available everywhere and played in France, Scotland has great own format (Herald, The Scotsman) and tabloids. Their players are grouped with those who read other regional in the category of regional newspapers, and other premises.

It may be noted that the control variables have some significant association with the newspaper readership. The significant coefficients for sex, are generally positive, indicating that more women than men of taste are divided into categories of players other than player broadsheet, while those of age, are generally negative, indicating that older people are more depressed than younger people to read large format that fall into other categories.

The coefficients for income may not be so interpreted, but frankly, Anticipation, they are actually often less important, especially when education set analysis. Scottish seem less likely than others to read large format, but it is probably an artifact due to the failure of Scottish broadsheets in the response categories.

However, the effects of state and education variables are interesting research study. After demonstrating that there are strong and systematic association between the status of faculty member and readership of newspapers, while the status and class are clearly correlated in contemporary British society that the slope of the short status, so to speak, to the structured class status stratification within classes may still be sizeable.

Today, the cultural lifestyle is a way in which the status of head expressed and acknowledged, then, since the newspapers generally regarded as culturally stratified, the status of persons must show a close relationship with the type of newspaper they read.

The likelihood of people reading great format high forehead increases with the state and at an increasing rate, the probability of their low reading tabloids Redtop forehead falls with the status of how more or less linear, and the likelihood of middlebrow reading tabloids first increases with status and then decreases.

We have also considered the possibility that more fundamental relationship exists between the education level of individuals, information processing capacity, and their preferences following types of more or less demanding reading newspapers. We note that although education does not influence or readership of the press and the lines would be expected under information processing and education does not eliminate the effect.

The association between member faculty and readership of newspapers continues in different levels of education. The information processing can be estimated as the least more directly involved in reading the newspapers that in many other forms of cultural participation, while the choice of newspaper is not the vehicle The most obvious of conspicuous consumption. The cultural level of newspaper readers "not grooming their status within their community.

ADMINISTRATIVE ACADEMICIAN AND USE OF NEWSPAPERS

Everyone knows the information is a form of power. Millions of people everyday to get their business knowledge national and international from the pages of newspapers around the world. The country's third-world know more than ever. That's why they advocate the creation of new Information for international order, and they feel it is equally urgent that the creation of new international economic order.

All communication media play a key role in the field of information, but the press plays a key role in drawing public attention and new habits to influence public perception to the important issues of the day. Academics and administrators are the main source of ideas Change in need in the university structure and management. Discretionary behavior by academics and administrators who issue features services most studies by the research implementation.

The modern newspaper plays several roles for its readers. From the analysis of depth interviews, the researcher attempted to construct a typology of these roles or functions of newsprint. Obviously the types listed here, while subtle, are not necessarily mutually exclusive to any newspaper reader. Undoubtedly, different people read different parts of the newspaper for different reasons at different times. A group of readers seem to use old newspapers, because it allows them to give themselves airs in social gatherings, and the newspaper has value conversation. Readers can not only learn what happened and then report to their shareholders, but they may find the opinions and interpretations use and discussions about the news with colleagues.

Precursors of the newspaper reader is involved in the effects of read two ways. They provided the player selection of publications and the state's interpretation of what he reads. Almost all phases of personality the reader may be involved in the reading experience. Their personality traits, interests, subject, and reading ability in May determined Publications available what they choose to read. The difference can be explained only by differences in susceptibility that may be fundamental or simply a temporary state of mind. The same predisposition are often involved in the selection and interpretation of reading, but they have need not be. The reader may select the reading of a set of conditions and respond from a completely different set.

Their methods of reading, ranging from May an overview of an early analysis, naturally affect both their response to the publication and its effects on them. More highly skilled players are attracted to older newspapers because their wider intellectual experiences enable them to publishers share more attitudes in adult life. As the central fact in the lives of most people, the profession has an important role in the selection and interpretation reading, its importance, of course, varies according to their occupation. Professional differences as clearly demonstrated in many subject classifications publications. Reader motivated by the need for greater social security in May seeking to improve their status within their family or their social class or may try to exchange their social class to another class.

New search of patterns of academics

According on previous research by academics reading habits of new or university teachers are interested in reading the news according to their professional status. They want to read news of national and international affairs, education, economy, editorial and article. They want to update their knowledge because they offer a large number of lectures in various institutions and subjects.

Newspapers are the most prominent media, which provide current information to the teacher according to their requirement. To produce informed citizens who can make their own judgments on the basis of available evidence. Insofar teacher deals with value judgments, it does so in ways that encourage students exploring the range of value judgments and examine the sources of these decisions (including themselves) and their effects. They seek to impose ideas about what constitutes a "good" or "bad" in a newspaper.

New Patterns of seeking Administrators

Administrators use a variety of sources, both formal and informal, to obtain the necessary information as do their colleagues in other countries. However, in addition to giving preference to "human sources, as found by Campbell (1997), they put more emphasis on the" Press releases ". They seem to be more satisfied with the information they receive from sources they prefer those who do not. It is interesting noted that these respondents are less satisfied with the print media.

The information collected by these respondents seem to be mainly used for employment opportunities, personal knowledge, and less on preparing personality profiles, editorials, and columns. This was predictable, because a limited amount of items mentioned in the group subsequently are necessary and have been written by a limited number of individuals.

There are some interesting patterns of use of administrative officers because of personality almost choose for themselves new reading similar academicians, but some differences exist ie they give priority to; job hunting, sport policy, the characteristics and the burning issues of the country. Compared to directors are academics spend much time for regular read the newspapers, maybe have time to spare to read texts from newspapers.

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

In this chapter, researcher analyzed the data in response to the respondents' awareness and knowledge, personal identification and confirmation of their research new trends. Data on "New trends in research and academic administrators AIOU" were collected using a questionnaire was designed for this study with the help of the supervisor. Primarily, the cross correlation and statistical procedure was applied to investigate the exposure of newspaper readership, demographics and research of new trends' dimension, namely the English Reading / Newspapers Urdu language, the purpose of reading the newspapers, national and international news, editorials and articles, the economy, health and sport new, developing new educational, research information on new policies, and reading the newspaper supplements.

The theoretical framework for all variables in this study was based on the uses and gratification model. The data were analyzed with the aid of SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 12.0. Details of data analysis are given below:

Table 4.1: Cross-tabulation of gender and profession
Age of respondents

Occupation and Sex Age Age of respondents Total
30 to 40 41 to 45 46 to 50 51 and above
Academics Gender Male respondents Count 22 15 1 10 48
Age% 64.7% 68.2% 50.0% 83.3% 68.6%
Female Count 12 7 1 2 22
Age% 35.3% 31.8% 50.0% 16.7% 31.4%
Total Number 34 22 2 12 70
Age% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
Administrators Gender Male respondents Count 14 14 10 20 58
Age% 73.7% 77.8% 83.3% 95.2% 82.9%
Female Head 5 4 2 1 12
Age% 26.3% 22.2% 16.7% 4.8% 17.1%
Total Number 19 18 12 21 70
Age% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%

Table 4.1 shows age of the sample of academicians and administrators of the AIOU. The sample includes 50% of academics and administrators 50% "communities. As shown, a greater number of men 83.3% academicians and administrators Male 95.2% are declining in the category of age 51 and above. Considering that the number of academicians 31.8% Male and female directors 22% are falling in the category age between 41 to 45. Similarly, it is quite a good number of academics and two directors dropped the young age group, 30 to 40 years.

To summarize, relatively young male academics working in the AIOU. However, the age group between 30 and 40 female academicians is younger than the age group of female administrators. Similarly, overall, there are young people who will From age 30 to 50 employees in the University.

Table 4.2: Cross-tabulation of gender profession and
Skill

Figure 4.2 documents that there is a greater number of scholars, men and women with Phil and a PhD qualification 68.5%. Considering that the positions of the administration are mostly with how qualified teachers 91.7%. Thus, the community academics are highly qualified with respect to directors in the AIOU.

Table 4.3: Cross-tabulation of gender profession and
Reading newspapers

Figure 4.3 refers to the reading habits of faculty members and administrators. As shown in table both male academics and administrators read the paper very much. However, female academics are less inclined to read newspapers as compared administrators to female is 63% and 83% respectively. The overall result shows that the reading of newspapers by the directors is higher than Academician community.

Table 4.4: Cross-tabulation of professional qualifications and reading newspaper
Professional qualification and reading logs Reading newspapers Total
Yes No
Academics Qualification of respondents Master Chief 21 8 29
% Of Total 30.0% 11.4% 41.4%
M Phil Count 15 4 19
% Of Total 21.4% 5.7% 27.1%
Dr. Head 21 1 22
% Of Total 30.0% 1.4% 31.4%
Total Number 57 13 70
% Of Total 81.4% 18.6% 100.0%
Administrators qualification of respondents Master Chief 39 6 45
% Of Total 55.7% 8.6% 64.3%
M Phil Head 4 1 5
% From Total 5.7% 1.4% 7.1%

About the Author

I am Malik Tariq Mahmood, done my Master of Sciences in Mass Communication with Thesis and PGD in ELT with Dissertation. Now I’m studying M.Phil.

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